U.S. SANITARY COMMISSION, OLD POINT COMFORT TO NEWBURYPORT MASS. FROM SOLDIER

Description

at bottom left..... "in care of penny post"
#65 with fancy cork cancel
to Mrs. Hannah B. Choate   (Essex County, Mass.)
There Is No Letter  With This Cover --
ABOUT THE SANITARY COMMISSION, BELOW...
(The Choate family was among the prominent families in the area.
Rufus Choate of Ipswich, was a Congressman and attorney.
Leonard Choate, a notorious one, was a pryomaniac
setting several hundred houses on fire, including those of
family members)
add .00 for 1st class/Insured to U.S....
The
United States Sanitary Commission
(
USSC
) was a private
relief agency
created by federal legislation on June 18, 1861, to support sick and wounded soldiers of the
United States Army
(Federal / Northern /
Union Army
) during the
American Civil War
.
[a]
It operated across the North, raised an estimated million in Civil War era revenue (assuming 1865 dollars, 2.55 million in 2022) and in-kind contributions
[1]
to support the cause, and enlisted thousands of volunteers. The president was
Henry Whitney Bellows
, and
Frederick Law Olmsted
acted as executive secretary. It was modeled on the British Sanitary Commission, set up during the
Crimean War
(1853-1856), and from the British parliamentary report published after the
Indian Rebellion of 1857
("Sepoy Rebellion").
[2]
[3]
[b]
History
Organizational chart
of the Sanitary Commission by
John Y. Culyer
, 1864
Henry Whitney Bellows
, (1814-1882), a Massachusetts clergyman, planned the USSC and served as its only president.
[4]
[c]
According to
The Wall Street Journal
, "its first executive secretary was
Frederick Law Olmsted
, (1822-1903), the famed landscape architect who designed New York's
Central Park
".
[5]
George Templeton Strong
, (1820-1875), New York lawyer and diarist, helped found the commission and served as treasurer and member of the executive committee.
[6]
Leaders of the Sanitary Commission.
[7]
From left to right: Dr. William Van Buren, George T. Strong, Commission President Henry Whitney Bellows, Dr. Cornelius R. Agnew, and Dr. Oliver Wolcott Gibbs.
[8]
In June 1861, the Sanitary Commission set up its central office inside the
United States Treasury Building
, just east of the
Executive Mansion
(now the White House), on Pennsylvania Avenue and 15th Street in central
Washington, D.C.
By late October 1861, the USSC Central Office and the
U.S. War Department
had received detailed studies and reports from the Sanitary Inspectors of more than four hundred regimental camp inspections. The rapidly crowded events of those first six months of the war displayed the sheer gravity of the situation in which the adjustment to the means and agencies were desperately needed to ensure a high health-rate in all those untrained
Union Army
regiments.
[9]
Immediately following the
First Battle of Bull Run
in July 1861, the first orders and receipts submitted to the Central Office began to arrive from the military
Union Army
hospitals at
Alexandria, Virginia
, and Washington, D.C., requesting water-beds, small tables for writing in bed, iron wire cradles for protecting wounded limbs, dominoes, checkerboards,
Delphinium
and hospital gowns for the wounded.
[10]
[d]
The demands of the war soon required more frequent decision-making. This led to the creation of the Standing Committee, which met on a nearly daily basis in
New York City
where most of its members resided. The Standing Committee initially consisted of five commissioners who retained their position for the entire war: Henry W. Bellows, George Templeton Strong, William H. Van Buren, M.D., Cornelius R. Agnew, M.D., and Wolcott Gibbs, M.D.
[11]
In addition to setting up and staffing hospitals, the USSC operated 30 soldiers' homes, lodges, or rest houses for traveling or disabled Union soldiers. Most of these closed shortly after the war.
[12]
Letter from Col.
Leavitt Hunt
to
John George Nicolay
requesting documents with Abraham Lincoln's signature.
[13]
Also active in the association was Colonel
Leavitt Hunt
, (1831-1907), a New York lawyer and pioneering photographer. In January 1864, he wrote to 16th President
Abraham Lincoln
's secretary
John George Nicolay
asking that Nicolay forward him any documents he might have available with the President's signature. Hunt's mother, the widow of Vermont congressman
Jonathan Hunt
, planned to attach Lincoln's signature to copies of several casts of the President's hand, to be sold to raise funds for the war effort.
[13]
Other fund raising events included the famous 50 pound sack of flour that was auctioned off by
Reuel Colt Gridley
. By auctioning off the same sack of flour, which was then re-donated to be sold again, Gridley eventually raised more than 0,000.00 for the Sanitary Commission.
States could use their own tax money to supplement the Commission's work, as Ohio did. Under the energetic leadership of Governor
David Tod
, a
War Democrat
who won office on a coalition "Union Party" ticket with Republicans, Ohio acted vigorously. Following the unexpected carnage at the
Battle of Shiloh
in April 1862, it sent three steamboats to the scene as floating hospitals with doctors, nurses and medical supplies. The state fleet expanded to eleven hospital ships. The state also set up 12 local offices in main transportation nodes to help Ohio soldiers moving back and forth.
[14]
The government constructed the
Pension Building
in Washington, DC to handle all the staff to process the pension requests and administer them. It is now listed on the
National Register of Historic Places
. After the war, the USSC volunteers continued to work with
Union Army
veterans to secure their bounties, back pay, and apply for pensions. It supported the "health and hygiene" of the veterans. They had a Department of General Relief which accepted donations for veterans, too.
[15]
The USSC organization was finally disbanded in May 1866.
[16]
Women in the USSC
Arising from a meeting in New York City of the Women's Central Relief Association of New York,
[17]
the organization was also inspired by the British Sanitary Commission of the
Crimean War
. The American volunteers raised money (estimated at million), collected donations, made uniforms, worked as
nurses
, ran
kitchens
in army camps, and administered
hospital ships
,
soldiers' homes
, lodges, and rests for traveling or disabled soldiers. They organized Sanitary Fairs in numerous cities to support the Federal army with funds and supplies, and to raise funds for the work of the USSC.
[15]
Women who were prominent in the organization, often traveling great distances, and working in harsh conditions, included
Louisa May Alcott
,
Almira Fales
,
Eliza Emily Chappell Porter
,
Katherine Prescott Wormeley
, and many others.
Dorothea Dix
, serving as the commission's superintendent, convinced the medical corps of the value of women working in their hospitals.
[18]
Over 15,000 women volunteered to work in hospitals, usually in nursing care.
[19]
They assisted surgeons during procedures, gave medicines, supervised the feedings and cleaned the bedding and clothes. They gave good cheer, wrote letters the men dictated, and comforted the dying.
[20]
A representative nurse was
Helen L. Gilson
(1835–68) of
Chelsea, Massachusetts
, who served in Sanitary Commission. She supervised supplies, dressed wounds, and cooked special foods for patients on a limited diet. She worked in hospitals after the battles of Antietam, Fredericksburg, Chancellorsville, Gettysburg. She was a successful administrator, especially at the hospital for black soldiers at City Point, Virginia.
[21]
The middle-class women who volunteered provided vitally needed nursing services and were rewarded with a sense of patriotism and civic duty in addition to the opportunity to demonstrate their skills and gain new ones, while receiving wages and sharing the hardships of the men.
[22]
Mary Livermore
,
[23]
Mary Ann Bickerdyke
, and Annie Wittenmeyer played leadership roles.
[24]
After the war some nurses wrote memoirs of their experiences; examples include Dix, Livermore,
Sarah Palmer Young
, and
Sarah Emma Edmonds
.
Bridget Diver
also worked for the Commission.
Sanitary Fairs
From the outset, many local groups sponsored fund-raising events to benefit the Commission. As the war progressed, these became larger and more elaborate
Sanitary Fairs
. One of the first events was in Lowell, Massachusetts, 1863.
[25]
Groups in other cities soon adopted this plan.
[26]
Organizing these Sanitary Fairs offered ways for local communities to be directly part of supporting the war effort of the nation. The largest Sanitary Fair during the war was held in Chicago in 1863.
[27]
[28]
Chicago held a second sanitary fair in 1865.
[29]
Notable members
Louisa May Alcott
served as a nurse for the Sanitary Commission at a
Union Army
Hospital in
Georgetown
.
Martia L. Davis Berry
raised supplies for the
Great Northwestern Sanitary Fair
(Chicago, 1865), receiving medal No. 15 for her services
[30]
Mary Ann Bickerdyke
served as a nurse for the Sanitary Commission and is credited with establishing 300 field hospitals during the Civil War
Henry Whitney Bellows
served as the President of the Commission.
Atherton Blight
, served as a Director of the Commission.
Samuel Howe
served as a Director of the Commission.
Mary Livermore
led the Northwestern Branch of the Sanitary Commission
John Strong Newberry
Frederick Law Olmsted
served as the Executive Secretary of the Sanitary Commission.
George Templeton Strong
was Treasurer of the Commission